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Comparative Survey, Descriptive Research

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  Comparative survey research is a type of descriptive survey where it aims to compare the status of two or more variable, institutions, strategies etc. This technique often uses multiple disciplines in one study.This does not only compare different groups but also same group over time.Few points are to be kept in mind before starting the comparative survey. ·        Comparison Points -The research should be very clear regarding the points to be compared. This can also be identified through review of literature and experience of experts. ·        Assumption of Similarities -  One has to be clear about the similarities the two variable hold. If the researcher do not find this there is no point of comparison. Criteria of Comparison - The researcher has to identify the criteria of comparison keeping in mind the fairness and objectivity. Appropriate tools has to be identified for measurement of criterion variables. ...
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Artistic Intention in Literature

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The issue regarding the intention of the artist has been taken up by the critics down the ages. A group of critics are of the view that an artist has a definite intention that is the device through which he gives vent to his inspiration and to the message that he wants to put forth. The Artistic Intention has often been explained with regard to the romantic writers. The poets of romantic age were extremely egoistical and highly subjective personals. Their artistic creation is a reflection on their egotism. In reading poets like William Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron and Shelley we get an ample evidence of their intentions.

Sometimes, however with regard to John Keats the artistic intention cannot be easily explored. In fact, the negative capability in Keats and Shakespeare’s writings come on the way of making any inference about their intentions.

In the twentieth century, the critics have opined that art is not an expression of self; it is an escape from self. Thus, an artist in writing stays clear of the pressure of the own self. His writing should depict the reality and not his emotions. Wordsworth and Byron in the essay International Fallacy has opined,

None can attempt to know that intention of a writer can mislead a reader.

They call attention to the International Fallacy that one might commit in the course of such an effort. International Fallacy identifies what is held to be the error of interpreting or evaluating a work by reference to the intention, the design and plan of the author in writing the work. The intention of the author is irrelevant because the meaning and value resides in the actual text.

Any reference to the author’s aroused or suppressed purpose and general state of mind is in fact misleading, for it distracts us from the text to external matters about the author’s biography and his psychological condition or creative process which we tend to substitute for the internal constitution.

Therefore, the concept of artistic intention is widely adopted by modern exponents of objective criticism.

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