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Comparative Survey, Descriptive Research

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  Comparative survey research is a type of descriptive survey where it aims to compare the status of two or more variable, institutions, strategies etc. This technique often uses multiple disciplines in one study.This does not only compare different groups but also same group over time.Few points are to be kept in mind before starting the comparative survey. ·        Comparison Points -The research should be very clear regarding the points to be compared. This can also be identified through review of literature and experience of experts. ·        Assumption of Similarities -  One has to be clear about the similarities the two variable hold. If the researcher do not find this there is no point of comparison. Criteria of Comparison - The researcher has to identify the criteria of comparison keeping in mind the fairness and objectivity. Appropriate tools has to be identified for measurement of criterion variables. Comparative survey research is carried on when the researcher cannot
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Poststructuralism in Language and Literature

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 Structuralism in Language

Deconstruction

Pygmalion as a Problem Play

Poststructuralism was an outcome of the debates by critics and analysts who found language and literature to be deeper and richer than the Structuralist theory suggested. In many ways, Poststructuralism is an extension to radical extremes of the premises suggested by the structuralists. Both give primacy to language at the centre of their world, but, Poststructuralism presents a retrospective critique of certain Structuralist commitments.

In language, Structuralism formed only one of the many circles which interacted with one another and made the decipherment of meaning more complex. This necessitated the study of literary works in more precise terms for reasons of identifying structures of feelings and emotions embedded in them; thus, emerged Poststructuralism.

Post Structural critics said, “read the text against itself”. As such, in doing so, they uncover various layers of meaning embedded in the text. They analyse the text semantically looking for ‘similarities in sound’, the origin and root meanings of words and metaphors. By highlighting these, their analysis becomes extremely crucial generally leading to explosion of language into multiplicities of meaning. They tend to explore the disunity, rather than continuity.

Poststructuralism also sought to contend with the issue of determinism according to which the person reading operated in a rigid framework, passively going through the interplay of structures as texts unfolded the drama of conflicts and antagonisms. In this sense, Poststructuralism became self-reflexive and uncertain. It argues that we live in a world where there is no possibility of certainty in belief or clarity. One can say there is no fixed or stable point of reference. As such Poststructuralism became open-ended.

The famous writers who are often termed as Poststructuralists are Michel Foucault, Roland Barthes, Jacques Derrida, Zizek, Jean Baudrillard, Julia Kristeva and Judith Butler. However, some of them are also associated with Structuralism.

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