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Comparative Survey, Descriptive Research

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  Comparative survey research is a type of descriptive survey where it aims to compare the status of two or more variable, institutions, strategies etc. This technique often uses multiple disciplines in one study.This does not only compare different groups but also same group over time.Few points are to be kept in mind before starting the comparative survey. ·        Comparison Points -The research should be very clear regarding the points to be compared. This can also be identified through review of literature and experience of experts. ·        Assumption of Similarities -  One has to be clear about the similarities the two variable hold. If the researcher do not find this there is no point of comparison. Criteria of Comparison - The researcher has to identify the criteria of comparison keeping in mind the fairness and objectivity. Appropriate tools has to be identified for measurement of criterion variables. Comparative survey research is carried on when the researcher cannot
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Explain Deconstruction as a Literary Theory

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 Postcolonialism                         Colonialism

Feminist Theory

Oedipus Complex in Sons and Lovers

The Death of Author

Growth and Status of English Language in India

Deconstruction emerged on the literary scene almost at the same time when Postmodernism flourished. The term was coined by a French Philosopher Jacques Derrida in one of his essay, Structure, Sign and Play in the Discourse of the Human Sciences.   According to him, ‘Language bears within itself the necessity of its own critique’. 

By the above line Derrida means that to deconstruct a discourse is to show how it undermines the philosophy it asserts, or the hierarchical opposition on which it relies, by identifying in the text and then dismantling the rhetorical operations that produce the supposed ground of argument, the key concept or premise.  Broadly speaking, deconstruction is a ‘searching out’ or ‘to dismantle the text’ or ‘to attack the subjectivity of the author and pave the way for own reading of the text’. Instead of talking about the presences in a text, it talked of absences and gaps.

Therefore, deconstruction investigated those areas in the text which remained hidden from view. The reader investigated the gaps in the text and worked towards a different construction, an alternative to the one that the original author had constructed. In this way, every reader formed one’s own perception of the text by questioning and re-organizing the author’s view. For ex: let’s take any argument from a novel and structure it that is to identify the terms as superior and inferior. Now what will the deconstruction do? It will pull the carpet from below the superior by showing the faulty basis of its superiority and place the carpet below the inferior. It reverses the hierarchy by just altering their positions, making the superior as inferior and vice versa. This reversed hierarchy is again open to another deconstructive operation.

However, deconstruction is not a matter of only reversing hierarchies. It involves looking into the structure of the discourse and revealing the moments when certain assumptions became its controlling centre. This centre inturn creates hierarchies.

In a sense, deconstruction does not lead us from a faulty to a correct way of thinking or writing. Rather, it shows us the limitations of human thought operating through language even while harbouring the same limitations itself.

Ronald Barthes essay The Death of the Author is a good example of deconstruction. Here, the death of the author marks the birth of the reader in a new and more important role. Instead of being a passive and receptive experience, reading is now transformed into a creative activity.

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