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Comparative Survey, Descriptive Research

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  Comparative survey research is a type of descriptive survey where it aims to compare the status of two or more variable, institutions, strategies etc. This technique often uses multiple disciplines in one study.This does not only compare different groups but also same group over time.Few points are to be kept in mind before starting the comparative survey. ·        Comparison Points -The research should be very clear regarding the points to be compared. This can also be identified through review of literature and experience of experts. ·        Assumption of Similarities -  One has to be clear about the similarities the two variable hold. If the researcher do not find this there is no point of comparison. Criteria of Comparison - The researcher has to identify the criteria of comparison keeping in mind the fairness and objectivity. Appropriate tools has to be identified for measurement of criterion variables. ...
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Define Langue and Parole in Linguistics

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Structuralism appears to make possible the establishment of autonomous and objective human sciences, because it provides them with their own independent and objective fields of study. As such, structuralism in linguistics means a new approach to the facts already known. The structural mode of linguistics introduces us to the langue and parole.
Langue according to Saussure is the totality of a language, deducible from an examination of the memories of all the language users, that is,
            Langue is the system or structure of a language.
In other words, we can say, it is a language structure which consists of vocabulary, principles of construction, idioms, rules of pronunciation etc. According to Saussure,
            Langue is both a social product of the faculty of speech and a collection of necessary conventions that have been adopted by a social body to permit individuals to exercise that faculty.
Therefore, langue is a corporate social phenomenon. It is homogenous whereas, language is heterogeneous. We can study it as it is concrete. It is a system of linguistic signs which are not abstract but real entities, tangible to be reduced to conventional written symbols. As stated by Hjelmslev, the term langue as used by Saussure includes three different concepts-
(1)   The language scheme.
(2)   The language norm and
(3)   The language custom.
Ultimately, langue has to be related to parole which is the actual usage of individuals that a community manifests in its everyday speech, the actual concrete act of speaking on the part of an individual, the controlled or uncontrolled psychological activity. Thus, Parole is the activity of speaking in a language or actual speech. In words of Saussure,
            Parole is an individual act…wilful and intellectual.
It is the only object available for direct observation to the linguist. Utterances are instances of parole. As such it follows that,
            Parole is a personal, dynamic, social activity which exists at a particular time and place and in a particular situation as opposed to langue which exists apart from any particular manifestation in speech.
Therefore, to summarize, langue is the system of language- all the possible rules that make up the language in theory. Whereas, parole is how these rules are put into action by the speakers of that language.



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